Effect of Learning Environment on Child Arithmetic Skills

Effect of Learning Environment on Child Arithmetic Skills Abstract The main aim of this experiment is to find out whether learning environments will affect children’s arithmetic skills. The hypothesis is children in kindergarten will performed better in arithmetic skills than children receiving home-schooling (N=40). These 40 children will be categorize into 2 groups, Boys and Girls and according to their learning environments, they are sub-grouped into kindergarten and home learning environments. Two different arithmetic tasks were carried out to assess the children skills. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks and at the end of the last week, all the scores were tabulated for the groups. A factorial between design was used in this experiment The statistical analysis yielded support for the hypothesis that children who study in kindergarten score better than children who study at home. However, due to lack of generalisation to population, further replication of the study is recommended with adequate sample size. How Learning Environments Affect Children Arithmetic Skills Acquiring basic literacy skills bring about a significant change to the advances in  research and educational practices. The preschooler years are viewed as the point whereby those kids are at their crucial point to learn the basic abilities of learning in how to read and write. So there is a dilemma for parents whether they should send their child to kindergarten or they should go along with homeschooling. Children tend to learn numbers counting before language acquisition and formal education (Lipton Spelke, 2003; Xu, Spelke, Goddard, 2005). As the child progress, his numerical accuracy gradually refined throughout his childhood until he gained more insightful knowledge in later year. (Halberda Feigenson, 2008). Subsequently, with language acquisition, children will understand the numbers in words and break them in smaller groups (Wynn, 1996), that are within their counting range and gradually move outside of the range to know more numbers (Lipton Spelke, 2006). Talking about cognitive development in children, Jean Piaget (1896) had devoted all his life to study how children think and not to just what children know. Piaget believes that children are able to seek understanding of the world through the process of assimilation and accommodation. Therefore, Piaget placed great emphasize on cognitive development associated with the experience and not social interaction. Another perspective of cognitive development is a Russian psychologist Lev  Vygosky(1896). Vygosky focused on culture and society when it comes to cognitive learning ability. He believed that children learn differently when they are learning independent as compared to learning under the guidance of a more capable partner. This is what he called ‘zone of proximal development†. In conclusion, Vygosky believed that cognitive development is affected by social interaction as compared to be independent. The difference in how Piaget and Vygotsky’s approaches to children cognitive development are the concept of individualistic and social processes. On a research study by Rea and Reys (1970), before children start to enrol in formal education, they are equipped with little of mathematical understanding .Children from early age is constantly practicing their counting skill. Geary (2004)stated that childrens counting abilities could be seen as a combination of inherent constraints and inductions based on counting experiences Seo and Ginsburg (2004) studied the types of informal mathematical activities which four- and five-year-old children express in natural settings during free play. Children demonstrated five mathematical categories; classification activities, magnitude activities, enumeration activities, dynamics and pattern and shape activities. According to Sarama and Clements (2009), children construct mathematics notions as they get actively engaged in the following sorts of play: sensorimotor or manipulative play, symbolic constructive play, symbolic dramatic play and games with rules. Children getting involved in play use it as a means to get them in problem solving situations to develop their thinking on mathematical ideas and procedures. Informal mathematical knowledge undergoes considerable development during the  preschool years and provides a basis for the later acquisition of formal mathematics in the school context (Clements and Sarama 2007). In this sense, successful early childhood instruction builds on children’s informal knowledge and supports the linkage of this prior thinking to more analytical mathematical representations, while taking into account diversity in terms of language, culture, needs and interests. Children possess informal knowledge of many complex mathematical ideas, enjoy the challenges of playing with these complex ideas and, with adult or peer guidance, they can achieve greater understanding than previously expected (Ginsburg, Greenes and Balfanz 2003). It was hypothesized in this study that children who receive education in kindergarten performed better in their arithmetic skills as to children who are receiving their education at home. Another hypothesis in this study is that boys in both school and home will score higher than girls in home and school environment in the assessment test. Methods Participants There will be a total of 40 toddlers involve in this experiment and they are staying at the same community area. They will be divided into 10 male and 10 female toddlers will attend the designated kindergarten while the remaining toddlers will be receiving home schooling at their own respective homes.The age of the toddler will be 5 years old for both genders to ensure fairness of their learning capability. The two different teaching environments that are set for this experiment will be at a kindergarten or at the toddlers’ homes Materials Math ability task. Math ability was measured using the Early Number Concepts component of the British Ability Scales II (Elliot et al., 1996). This math test comprises 24 items that assess various basic numerical competencies through four items (Recognizing numbers names and numerals, identifying quantitative relationships and matching corresponding Number estimation task Three number lines were used: 0 –10, 0 –20 and 0 –100. Each line was 25-cm long, with 0 on the left end and 10, 20, or 100 on the right end, depending on the scale. Procedure The 20 children will be divided into 2 groups according to their genders and in each group, they will be further split in another two groups, based on their learning environments kindergarten or home schooling. The children were instructed to follow the instructions in accordance to each task. The children are shown pictures and they were told to use pencil to circle the correct answer in the given questions. Next, they were told to match the same shapes from a group of mixed shapes of all sizes. Lastly, they were given simple basic addition and subtraction problems to solve and verbally voice out the answer. The total scores for the worksheet will be 20 marks. Results A factorial between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the effects of gender and learning environments on children’s arithmetic skills. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene’s test were used to evaluate the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance respectively. Neither was violated. Levene’s statistics for the test of equality is non-significant with F (3, 36) = .679, p=.571. The results for ANOVA was statically significant with children who attend kindergarten performed better than children who did not attend kindergarten with F (1, 36) = 8.112, p=.001, Õ ²2= .184, as well as statistically significant main effect for practice, F( 1, 36) = 1.073, p=.307, Õ ²2= .029. However, there is no significant interaction indicated that the effect of different learning environments on children’s arithmetic skills are associated with gender differences, F(1,36)= 1.00,p=0.01. The nature of the interaction is shown in Figure 1. Discussion This study aims to find out whether 5-year old children who attend kindergarten tend to have better arithmetic skills than children who have home schooling. This is a double blind experiment whereby both experimenter and children are unaware of what are there being tested, this is to protect the experiment from having the observer-expectancy effect. It was hypothesized that children who attend kindergarten tend to have higher scores than those children who have home schooling, and it was supported by the data using two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA). The data showed that there is a significant difference of the scores between the two learning environments. The two approaches that Piaget and Vygotsky had come across with are closely associated with the type of learning environments which children learn their cognitive skills in both kindergarten and home schooling. Children who attend kindergarten tend to be following Vygotsky’s concept of ‘zone of proximal development whereby children are able to learn under an adult’s supervision while children who receive educations at home from their parents, the home-schoolers are moving towards Piaget’s teaching as the children depend on themselves to gain knowledge about what is happening around them. As the child progresses from infants, his/her ability to learn also progresses along with the growth. Infants demonstrated word segmentation ability when adults were talking to them. When they reach the preschool age, environment play a significant role in their learning ability. At this age group, they are prone to pick up new information quickly even though it is an adult conversation (Whitehurst Valdez-Menchaca, 1988). So, the new information that the child had picked up, if the learning environment and the caregivers reinforces them to gain a better understanding of the things around them, the child will be more advanced in learning new skills. Therefore, in order for child to acquire good arithmetic skills, they can be exposed to more numbers-related information and problems and a positive reinforcement learning environment to gain better understanding of arithmetic problems. However, despite the fact children at the early onset toddlers’ age they are constantly using their arithmetic skills during their playtime with other children such as counting the numbers in their group and dividing themselves up for their games, but parents’ are always looking for educational videos to stimulate those children’s intellectual development at home(McCormick, 1998),which indeed raises the children’s academic achievement but it lowers their expectancies of success and pride in accomplishments in their future (Deborah.,et,al., 1995). Studies are consistent with the hypothesis that children tend to gain better cognitive development in kindergarten as children are exposed to active interaction conservations, feedbacks and corrections are given to them so they are able to understand the concept better to avoid future mistakes. There are some limitations in this experiment. First limitations is generalization of the population, the sample size of this children was taken at one community area and the conclusions are based on the responses of those pre-schoolers children that have yet to have better understanding of the world. Therefore it does not generate enough data to prove that this experiment is reliable. This greatly reduces the external validity of this experiment. Second limitation is the history effect whereby some children are enrolled in other arithmetic classes that could possibly allow them to score higher than the others and eventually lead them to become outliers in the groups. This is one of the confound variable which this experiment had failed to control. Therefore, further studies are needed to eliminate this variable and including a control group will eliminate this confound. In conclusion, there are some improvements that need to make for this experiment to have better reliability and usefulness to the population. Researchers who are curious about how children acquire higher level of arithmetic abilities or cognitive development should conduct more studies and analyse how different age groups solve problems or question with increasing difficulty under different learning environments, what are some of the tools that they use to assist them in the process of learning, and last of all, the interaction between gender and learning environment should be further analyse and require further research.

Narrative Assignment

Unit 2 narrative Assignment Kaplan University Pamela Baker HU 300 – 25 Folk tale, fairy tales, and fables have been used for generations and have been passed down from generation to generation to teach children about morals, what’s right and wrong, cultures and believes. The emotional connection to feelings that children develop from them will help them develop a sense of belonging. Folk tales, fairy tales and fables have changed over time depending on how and where they are told but the outcomes are always the same. My favorite fable growing up was Aesop’s the Tortoise and the Hare.This fable was about a hare that thinks he is faster than anyone else. He is always boosting about how he is so fast that no one can beat him. He is always piking on the tortious about how slow he is. One day the tortious is fed up with the hair and his bragging and tells him that he can be beat. The hair laughs and asks by who you? The tortoise agrees to race the hair. They decide to start the race early the next morning. The tortoise started at a slow and steady pace. Since the tortoise is moving at a slow and steady pace. The hare feels that the tortoise is moving so slow he has time to take a nap even before he starts racing.When he awakes he sees that the tortoise is only about a third of the way to the finish line. The hare then decides to get something to eat. He eats and eats until he is full. Now with his belly full and the warm sun shining he starts felling very heavy eyed so he decides to take another nap. This time when he awakes he sees that the tortoise has almost made it to the finish line. The hare jumps up and rushes out of the field. The hare runs and runs as fast as he can towards the finish line. He is running so fast he become so tired. He is too tired and cannot make it across the finish line because he is too tired.The tortoise that has kept going at a slow and steady pace is not tired at all. He is able to crosses the finish line. The mor al of this fable is that it is better to pace yourself then to procrastinate and then rush to get it done. You can get more accomplished and accomplished well if you take your time. I also think that another lesson that could be learned is that it is not nice to keep boosting about thing that you are better at than everyone else. It is also not nice to pick o people when they cannot accomplish or perform at the same rate as you.I do think that the morals that could be learned from fairy tales, folk tales and fables could indeed effect the guiding of an individual’s action. If an individual understands the story being told then they will learn and will think twice about their actions. They will also learn that they should keep other individuals feelings into consideration. The narrative or story telling depend on which culture the story is being told. Communication a lesson though story telling parents, caregivers and educators can create an emotional connection to feelings.Th is is a lot different than just giving a child a list of ruses to follow. Children tend to learn and retain better if it something fun. Rather than give them a set of rules. Families have used folk tales, fairy tales and fables to teach children a lesson or morals for many generations. Though the stories have changed over the years and cultures are not the same the meaning of the story is still remained the same. References : Janaro, R. P. , & Altshuler, T. C. (2012). The art of being human: The humanities as a technique for living (Kaplan University 3rd custom ed. ). New York: Pearson Education.

The Upside to Talent Essay Samples

The Upside to Talent Essay Samples The uneven evolution of personal characteristics ca n delay the beginning of a talent, which makes it eventually seem to come out of nowhere. 1 great fundamental of human culture is the idea of equality. Needless to say, whether or not a special package of personal characteristics counts as a talent is contingent on the domain. We're perfectly fantastic examples. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Essays writing is an extremely responsible and time-consuming course of action. They suggested that I speak to several professionals in the area. These findings indicate that a concept like talent could possibly be asked to help explain the growth of high performance. While deliberate practice is a big portion of the story of succeeding, it is not likely to be the full story. As stated by the book The War for Talent (Michaels et al, 2001), talent is understood to be an individual's ability, including someone's abilities, wisdom and potential for future improvement. Somebody who has talent is known as talented. Because talent doesn't always translate to success. If you've got natural talent in a specific field, you will probably show much better performance than other individuals who don't have the required talent for the activity. You are able to make any terrific college essay fit below this essay prompt. On the flip side, only interest cannot suffice as aptitude is essential to be in a position to succeed in an area. If you discover early success, don't become cocky. Within this essay, I want to chat about importance of talent. Never forget in what you believe as you can accomplish your dreams if you truly want it. There are several other things to speak about, really. Many people do not really remember things that occurred in the initial five decades of our lives. Rarely are amazing things achieved alone. A closer look at the evolution of talent lets us put things in perspective. On the flip side, some individuals feel that talent is an innate ability that's a specialized possible person for can get success in life. For a long time, the subject of pure talent vs hard work is normal in debates all over the Earth, with people having reasonable grounds. Keep in mind, people working hard without the talent can succeed more than talented folks who only adhere to the mediocre. Imagine you work in a large company or you're receiving family or friends from different countries you will need to understand a means to understand them and for them to understand you to. Guess it is not time to fret yet. My father's generation was raised with the expectation that they'd learn and hone 1 expertise and work in 1 company for the majority of their lives. So had a good deal of trouble making friends. And it's incredible they actually do it. In fact, it was a bit much. Learn from it, and after that proceed. Life, Death and Talent Essay Samples Which, needless to say, they were. Needless to say, it's not not possible for someone with normal intelligence to learn to come up with a specific attribute or accomplish an activity with sufficient and normal practice. In the same way, ideally even you should revolve around the very same subject and make certain you definitely are a worthy candidate for the scholarship. Foreign language SAT tests are a good way of stan ding out during the college admission practice. We consider the sports stars that are earning mega-million dollar contracts and inside we wish we had the ability to do something similar. Moreover, Obama's presidency is distinguished by losses like the unemployment rates in the usa still remain to be a key alarming matter. At precisely the same time, salary also increases when the employee has the capacity to communicate in various language aside from English. Now, the unemployment rate is very high, so it's recommended to boost skills by learning a new language. For one, a much wider assortment of personal characteristics, including conative and volitional characteristics must be taken into account when judging whether or not a person will profit from a specific training regime. All of us actively make choices, and such choices accumulate over time. Another benefit is observed in your wellbeing. For example, consider that the individual with extremely large levels of perseverance and motivation can offset different characteristics that might be less than stellar by comparison, like a bad memory.

UK - Analysis Report - 31935 Words

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